다윈의 진화론은 아마도 과학소설사에서 전무후무한 최고의 SF가 아닐지...
그 상상력을 능가할 SF는 더 이상 생산되지 않을 듯하더군요.
진화론을 배척한다고 해서 딱히 창조론을 믿는 것도 아닙니다.*
제가 인류(지구)문명설에 대한 SF소설을 하나 쓴다면 그 개요는 아래와 같을 겁니다.
(외계인에 의한 인류(생명) 제조설을 믿는 분들이라면 한 번쯤 상상해봤겠지만...)
대략적인 개요지만, 사라진 문명, 오컬트, 인류공통설화와 공통으로 흐르는 의식체계 등등과 연관지어서 이야기의 씨줄과 날줄을 연결해나가면 어쩌면 대하 SF시리즈가 한 편 나올지도... 벌써 비슷하게 많이 써 먹었겠지만...;;
아래는 위의 상상과 연관 지어 생각해보고 싶어서 긁어둔 글입니다.
번역자 : 네이버 블로그 zzaelee님
DNA상의 유전자 주입 흔적
대충 요약하면....
휴먼게놈 프로젝트 결과 인간의 유전자는 예상보다 훨씬 적은 30,000 여개로 밝혀졌다.
애벌레도 20,000 개 가까이 갖고 있는 것을 생각하면, 만물의 영장에게는 정말 실망스러운 수치가 아닐 수 없다.
거기다가 그중 99% 가 침팬지와 같다고 한다. 즉, 우리와 침팬지의 유전자 차이는 불과 300 여개에 불과하다.
문제는 그중 223 개의 유전자다. 이 유전자들은 진화의 계통으로부터 점차 만들어졌다는 증거가 없다.(무척추동물에서는 전혀 발견되지 않는다) 그냥 인간에 와서 갑자가 땅에서 떨어진 것처럼 새로 생긴 듯이 보인다. 그런 이유때문에 학자들은 이 유전자들이 박테리아로부터 유입된 것이라는 가설을 제시한다.
223 개가 별 거 아니라고 생각할지 모르지만, 인간과 침팬지의 유전자 차이는 300 개에 불과하다는 사실을 기억하면 그렇지도 않다는 걸 알 수 있다. 인간과 침팬지의 차이 300 개 중 2/3 이상이 정체불명의 역사를 가지고 있다는 것이다.
더 자세한 연구에 따르면, 223 개 중 113 개의 유전자는 박테리아에서도 흔하게 볼 수 있는 것이라고 한다. 그럼 나머지 110 개는 어디서 온 것일까?
그리고 이 신비한 223개 유전자가 만드는 단백질 중에 35 개만이 현재 밝혀진 상탠데...그 중 10개만이 다른 척추동물에서도 발견되는 것이다. 즉, 나머지 25 개는 인간에게만 유일한 유전자다.
과연 이 유전자들은 어디서 온 것일까?
[아래는 영문 원문]
[원문]
The Case of Adam's Alien Genes
Sensational Human Genome Discovery
In whose image was The Adam – the prototype of modern humans, Homo sapiens – created?
The Bible asserts that the Elohim said: “Let us fashion the Adam in our image and after our likeness.” But if one is to accept a tentative explanation for enigmatic genes that humans possess, offered when the deciphering of the human genome was announced in mid-February, the feat was decided upon by a group of bacteria!
“Humbling” was the prevalent adjective used by the scientific teams and the media to describe the principal finding – that the human genome contains not the anticipated 100,000 - 140,000 genes (the stretches of DNA that direct the production of amino-acids and proteins) but only some 30,000+ -- little more than double the 13,601 genes of a fruit fly and barely fifty percent more than the roundworm’s 19,098. What a comedown from the pinnacle of the genomic Tree of Life!
Moreover, there was hardly any uniqueness to the human genes. They are comparative to not the presumed 95 percent but to almost 99 percent of the chimpanzees, and 70 percent of the mouse. Human genes, with the same functions, were found to be identical to genes of other vertebrates, as well as invertebrates, plants, fungi, even yeast. The findings not only confirmed that there was one source of DNA for all life on Earth, but also enabled the scientists to trace the evolutionary process – how more complex organisms evolved, genetically, from simpler ones, adopting at each stage the genes of a lower life form to create a more complex higher life form – culminating with Homo sapiens.
The “Head-scratching” DiscoveryIt was here, in tracing the vertical evolutionary record contained in the human and the other analyzed genomes, that the scientists ran into an enigma. The “head-scratching discovery by the public consortium,” as Science termed it, was that the human genome contains 223 genes that do not have the required predecessors on the genomic evolutionary tree.
How did Man acquire such a bunch of enigmatic genes?
In the evolutionary progression from bacteria to invertebrates (such as the lineages of yeast, worms, flies or mustard weed – which have been deciphered) to vertebrates (mice, chimpanzees) and finally modern humans, these 223 genes are completely missing in the invertebrate phase. Therefore, the scientists can explain their presence in the human genome by a “rather recent” (in evolutionary time scales) “probable horizontal transfer from bacteria.”
In other words: At a relatively recent time as Evolution goes, modern humans acquired an extra 223 genes not through gradual evolution, not vertically on the Tree of Life, but horizontally, as a sideways insertion of genetic material from bacteria…
An Immense DifferenceNow, at first glance it would seem that 223 genes is no big deal. In fact, while every single gene makes a great difference to every individual, 223 genes make an immense difference to a species such as ours.
The human genome is made up of about three billion neucleotides (the “letters” A-C-G-T which stand for the initials of the four nucleic acids that spell out all life on Earth); of them, just a little more than one percent are grouped into functioning genes (each gene consists of thousands of "letters"). The difference between one individual person and another amounts to about one “letter” in a thousand in the DNA “alphabet.” The difference between Man and Chimpanzee is less than one percent as genes go; and one percent of 30,000 genes is 300.
So, 223 genes is more than two thirds of the difference between me, you and a chimpanzee!
An analysis of the functions of these genes through the proteins that they spell out, conducted by the Public Consortium team and published in the journal Nature, shows that they include not only proteins involved in important physiological but also psychiatric functions. Moreover, they are responsible for important neurological enzymes that stem only from the mitochondrial portion of the DNA – the so-called “Eve” DNA that humankind inherited only through the mother-line, all the way back to a single “Eve.” That finding alone raises doubt regarding that the "bacterial insertion" explanation.
A Shaky TheoryHow sure are the scientists that such important and complex genes, such an immense human advantage, was obtained by us --“rather recently”-- through the courtesy of infecting bacteria?
“It is a jump that does not follow current evolutionary theories,” said Steven Scherer, director of mapping of the Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine.
“We did not identify a strongly preferred bacterial source for the putative horizontally transferred genes,” states the report in Nature. The Public Consortium team, conducting a detailed search, found that some 113 genes (out of the 223) “are widespread among bacteria” – though they are entirely absent even in invertebrates. An analysis of the proteins which the enigmatic genes express showed that out of 35 identified, only ten had counterparts in vertebrates (ranging from cows to rodents to fish); 25 of the 35 were unique to humans.
“It is not clear whether the transfer was from bacteria to human or from human to bacteria,” Science quoted Robert Waterson, co-director of Washington University’s Genome Sequencing Center, as saying.
But if Man gave those genes to bacteria, where did Man acquire those genes to begin with?
The Role of the AnunnakiReaders of my books must be smiling by now, for they know the answer.
They know that the biblical verses dealing with the fashioning of The Adam are condensed renderings of much much more detailed Sumerian and Akkadian texts, found inscribed on clay tablets, in which the role of the Elohim in Genesis is performed by the Anunnaki – “Those Who From Heaven to Earth Came.”
As detailed in my books, beginning with The 12th Planet (1976) and even more so in Genesis Revisited and The Cosmic Code, the Anunnaki came to Earth some 450,000 years ago from the planet Nibiru – a member of our own solar system whose great orbit brings it to our part of the heavens once every 3,600 years. They came here in need of gold, with which to protect their dwindling atmosphere. Exhausted and in need of help in mining the gold, their chief scientist Enki suggested that they use their genetic knowledge to create the needed Primitive Workers. When the other leaders of the Anunnaki asked: How can you create a new being? He answered:
"The being that we need already exists;
all that we have to do is put our mark on it.”
The time was some 300,000 years ago.What he had in mind was to upgrade genetically the existing hominids, who were already on Earth through Evolution, by adding some of the genes of the more advanced Anunnaki. That the Anunnaki, who could already travel in space 450,000 years ago, possessed the genomic science (whose threshold we have now reached) is clear not only from the actual texts but also from numerous depictions in which the double-helix of the DNA is rendered as Entwined Serpents (a symbol still used for medicine and healing) -- see illustration ‘A’ below.
When the leaders of the Anunnaki approved the project (as echoed in the biblical ”Let us fashion the Adam”), Enki with the help of Ninharsag, the Chief Medical Officer of the Anunnaki, embarked on a process of genetic engineering, by adding and combining genes of the Anunnaki with those of the already-existing hominids.
When, after much trial and error breathtakingly described and recorded in antiquity, a “perfect model” was attained, Ninharsag held him up and shouted: “My hands have made it!” An ancient artist depicted the scene on a cylinder seal (illustration ‘B’).
And that, I suggest, is how we had come to possess the unique extra genes. It was in the image of the Anunnaki, not of bacteria, that Adam and Eve were fashioned.
A Matter of Extreme SignificanceUnless further scientific research can establish, beyond any doubt, that the only possible source of the extra genes are indeed bacteria, and unless it is then also determined that the infection (“horizontal transfer”) went from bacteria to Man and not from Man to bacteria, the only other available solution will be that offered by the Sumerian texts millennia ago.
Until then, the enigmatic 223 alien genes will remain as an alternative – and as a corroboration by modern science of the Anunnaki and their genetic feats on Earth.
ZECHARIA SITCHIN
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